Activation Methods: Sonochemistry and High Pressure [Hardcover]

Activation Methods examines recent improvements in the utilization of ultrasonic waves and pressurized gases to generate reactions. A straightforward method to use, sonochemistry allows chemical reactions to be carried out under ultrasound without the need for external heat, reagents or catalysts ? leading to high yields and the production of a minimum amount of waste. This book presents an overview of the main applications of sonochemistry in green organic chemistry, with an emphasis on texts published within the last few years. High-pressure chemical reactions offer innovative solutions to problems relating to synthesis. They allow access to new products and a further understanding of reaction mechanisms. This book presents the characteristics of hyperbaric activation, which allow the integration of an arsenal of tools for green chemistry, such as the lowering of energy costs and of by-products, as well as the possibility of using substrates that are sterically congested and generally inert.

Chapter 1. Organic Sonochemistry: Ultrasound in Green Organic Synthesis 1
Micheline DRAYE, Julien ESTAGER and Nathalie KARDOS

1.1. Introduction: history of ultrasound, organic sonochemistry and early work 2

1.1.1. The history of ultrasound and organic sonochemistry 2

1.1.2. Pioneering work in organic sonochemistry 4

1.2. Some elements of ultrasound theory 14

1.2.1. Bubble dynamics 17

1.2.2. Factors affecting cavitation 21

1.2.3. Estimation of ultrasonic parameters 23

1.3. Laboratory and industrial equipment 28

1.3.1. Ultrasonic bath 29

1.3.2. Ultrasonic probes 31

1.3.3. High frequency reactors 32

1.3.4. Cup-horn reactors 32

1.3.5. Continuous reactors 33