First published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.An independent medieval scholar who holds a doctorate in English and American Literature from New York University, Ellen S. Bakalianalso has one foot firmly planted in the world of journalism. Her articles have appeared in TheNew Yorkerand Ladies Home Journal. She also writes for the A&E's literary website, creating teaching guides for their adaptations of literary classics.