This 1994 book is a close examination of the papal police in the city and province of Bologna before Italian unification.This 1994 book provides a meticulous examination of the ideology, structure, and functions of papal police as they operated in the city and province of Bologna in the period before Italian unity, and in doing so offers an important new interpretation of the Risorgimento.This 1994 book provides a meticulous examination of the ideology, structure, and functions of papal police as they operated in the city and province of Bologna in the period before Italian unity, and in doing so offers an important new interpretation of the Risorgimento.This book provides a meticulous examination of the ideology, structure, and functions of the papal police as they operated in the city and province of Bologna in the period before Italian unity, and in doing so offers an important new interpretation of the Risorgimento. The author argues that after the Restoration the new police soon found themselves incapable of dealing effectively with overwhelming problems of crime and public order. In allowing Bologna's elites to arm themselves in posse-style citizen patrols on two occasions, the papal government had opened the doors to reform and, eventually, revolution.Introduction; 1. Setting the stage: Bologna, the ancien regime, and Napoleon; 2. Consalvi's troops; 3. Functions and failures; 4. Public order and the revolution of 1831; 5. Reform and failure; 6. Reform and revolution; 7. The search for stability and the turn to Piedmont; 8. Epilogue: risorgimento, freedom, and repression; 9. Conclusion. Hughes's work constitutes an important contribution to understanding the process of formation and consolidation of the modern police force... Journal of Modern History ...he expands our knowledge of the politics of policing in the nineteenth century and lends empirical support to John Davis' argument about the extent to which the relationship between politics and policing l3*