Examines the way economic historians have approached two sets of problems. Should the French economy in 18th and 19th centuries be considered retarded , or an early European development success, and, should economic performance be explained by material conditions, or in social terms.Introduction - the outlines of a debate; the performance of the French economy; natural resources and the labour supply; capital and technical progress; an agricultural revolution?; the call of the markets - the pressure of demand in the French economy; social and institutional influences on development.