Flame Retardants [Hardcover]

This book focuses on the chemistry and applications of flame retardants for polymers and other materials. It starts with a description and types of flame retardants, as well as their properties and chemical structures, to include chlorine- and bromine-containing flame retardants, phosphorus-based flame retardants, nitrogen-based flame retardants, and silicones. Inorganic materials that serve as flame retardants, such as boron-based additives, graphenes, and others are discussed in detail.

In addition, the following subjects are discussed in detail:

• Flame retardant polymers
• The mechanisms of flame retardants, such as flame cooling, synergetic effects, degradation of flame retardants, and others
• Other flame retardant compositions, such as dripping inhibitors and smoke suppressants
• Testing methods for flame retardants, international standards, human health hazards, such as smoke toxicity and problems with wastes
• Synthesis and fabrication methods, as well as recycling methods
• The application of flame retardants to the coating material using 3D printing, reactive coating, and bulk addition methods
• Non-burning comonomers, foams, nanocomposites and bio-based materials
• Flame retardants with other textiles, such as wool and electrical applications such as batteries

Preface xiii

1 Types of Flame Retardants 1

1.1 History of Organic Flame Retardants 1

1.2 Commercially Available Flame Retardants 3

1.3 Chlorine-Containing Materials 7

1.3.1 HET Acid 7

1.3.2 Dechlorane Plus 7

1.3.3 Chlordene 10

1.3.4 Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate 10

1.3.5 Tris(2-chloroethlƒD