Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones [Paperback]

Understanding gemstones in a geological context

Gemstones are colorful treasures of the Earth that have captivated humans for thousands of years. The physical and chemical characteristics of each type of gem provide insights into the geological processes that created them.

Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones is a textbook aimed at upper-level undergraduate and graduate students. It presents the basic mineralogical and geological knowledge needed to understand gemstones and examines the characteristics and geological origins of different types of gemstone.

Volume highlights include:

• Concepts in mineralogy
• Structure and chemical composition of minerals
• Geological processes that lead to the formation and movement of gemstones
• Equipment and tools used to examine gemstones and their physical properties

The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xiii

Part I Developing Base Knowledge 1

1 Minerals and Mineralogy 3

1.1 Minerals and Rocks 3

1.2 What is a Gemstone? 3

1.3 Atoms, Elements, and Bonding 4

1.3.1 Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons 4

1.3.2 Atomic Mass 5

1.3.3 Atomic Structure, Electrical Charges, and Ions 5

1.3.4 Elements 6

1.3.5 Element Groups 6

1.3.6 Elemental Abundance in the Earths Crust 7