Individualism and Its Discontents : Appropriations of Emerson, 1880-1950 [Paperback]

The work of Ralph Waldo Emerson has long been synonymous with the American ideals of self-reliance and individualism. Like those ideals, it has come to mean different things, at different times, to different people. Emerson has been identified as the source of both the best and worst in the American intellectual tradition, his authority invoked by back-to-the-landers and industrial capitalists, the philosopher Nietzsche, as well as the promoters of Nike footwear.  

This book explores the intertwined history of Emerson and individualism. Charles E. Mitchell begins by examining those who regarded Emersonian individualism with ambivalence or hostility, focusing on the comments of such diverse figures as Henry James, Sr., Oliver Wendell Holmes, Van Wyck Brooks, and H.L. Mencken. He then offers an alternative view as reflected in the work of William James, John Dewey, W.E.B. Du Bois, and William Carlos Williams. Each of these figures embraced Emersons claim for the sanctity of the individual and wove it into a social vision that sought to reconcile the paradox at the heart of American life: a simultaneous devotion to the community and the individual, tradition and innovation, order and freedom. 

While indirectly answering Emersons more fervent critics, James, Dewey, Du Bois, and Williams also constructed a vibrant tradition of their own, one that offers guidance as Americans continue to struggle with these competing claims. 

CHARLES E. MITCHELLis assistant professor of American studies at Elmira College.

Acknowledgments 

Introduction: An Individualism of Vaporous Spirituality  
1. The Aroma of Personality and the Dignity of Clean Living
2. The Undersexed Valetudinarian: Emerson and Modern Criticism
3. William James and the Varieties of Emerson 
4. W.E.B. Du Bois and the Implications of Pragmatism 
5. Inclusiveness without Redundancy: William Carlos Williams in the Emersol