Crystal Channeling and Its Application at High-Energy Accelerators [Hardcover]

Nature performs not hing vainly, and makes nothing unnecessary Aristotle Interest in the passage of charged particles through crystals first appeared at the beginning of this century following experiments on x-ray diffraction in crystallattices, which provided the proof of an ordered distribution of atoms in a crystal. Stark [1] put forward the hypothesis that certain directions in a crystal should be relatively transparent to charged particles. These first ideas on the channeling of charged particles in crystals were forgotten but became topical again in the early 1960s when the channeling effect was rediscovered by computer simulation [2] and in experiments [3] that revealed anomalously long ion ranges in crystals. The orientational ef? fects during the passage of charged particles through crystals have been found for a whole range of processes characterized by small impact parameters for collisions between particles and atoms: nuclear reactions, large-angle scatter? ing, energy losses. Lindhard explained the channeling of charged particles in crystals [4]. The results of the numerous investigations into the channeling of low-energy (amounting to several MeV) charged particles in crystals have been summarized in several monographs and reviews [5~8l.1. Channeling Phenomenon.- 2. Beam Deflection by Bent Crystals.- 3. Experimental Studies of High-Energy Channeling and Bending Phenomena in Crystals.- 4. Crystal Extraction.- 5. The Use of Crystal Deflectors in Beam Lines.- 6. Application of Crystal Channeling to Particle Physics Experiments.- Epilogue.- References.This monograph describes the basic physics of high-energy crystal channeling and introduces the nonspecialist to the application of bent-crystals at accelerators. It covers topics such as charged particle channeling in straight and bent crystals, particle trapping into the channeling mode, the effects of crystal lattice distortions, and computer simulations. It also deals with crystal bending methods and disls$