The Evaluation of Social Policies [Paperback]

Policy Evaluation and Evaluation Policy.- Evaluation as a Discipline.- Purposes of This Study.- Treatment of Methods.- Plan.- Level of Difficulty of Presentation.- I Valuation.- 1 Issues in Evaluation Policy.- An Overview of Evaluation Approaches.- A Schema for Comparing Approaches.- 2 Evaluation and Social Research.- Evaluation as Scientific Theory Testing.- Limitations of the Scientific Theory-Testing Approach.- Evaluation as Applied Scientific Methods.- The Applied Scientific Methods Approach: A Critique.- The Problem of Naturalism in Evaluation.- Evaluation as Directed Social Change.- Limitations of Evaluation as Directed Social Change.- 3 Evaluation and Social Justice.- A Utilitarian Perspective on Policy Evaluation.- An Egalitarian Perspective.- The Egalitarian Perspective on Nuclear Power.- Inequality in the Social Services.- The Egalitarian Approach: A Critique.- 4 A Framework for Valuation.- Evaluation as a Form of Social Inquiry.- Context and Scope of Valuation.- Relating Valuations to Observations.- Comprehensive Evaluation.- Appropriate Policies to Guide Uncertain Inferences.- Roles of Scientist and Citizen in Valuation.- II Valuation and Observation.- 5 Technique of Value Scaling.- The Outcome Measure and the Value Scale.- Magnitude Estimation.- Method of Obtaining Magnitude Estimates: Exhibit 1.- Finding Relative Origins: Exhibit 2.- Meaning of the Relative Origin.- Understanding Power Functions of Outcome Scores.- Bipolar Value Scales.- Multiple Measures of Effect for Each Value Scale.- Units of the Value Scale.- Magnitude Estimation and Social Dissension.- Magnitude Estimation as a Tool of Social Evaluation.- 6 Relationships That Determine Outcomes of Tests of Hypotheses.- The Outcome Probability.- Formulating the Null and Threshold Hypotheses.- The Discrepancy Measure (D) as a Proxy for the Outcome Probability.- Direct Determinants of the Outcome Probability.- Unreliability, Invalidity, and Sample Variances.- Effects of Inconsistent Intervention Efflc'