Following the Formula in Beowulf, ?rvar-Odds saga, and Tolkien proposes that Beowulf was composed according to a formula. Michael Fox imagines the process that generated the poem and provides a model for reading it, extending this model to investigate formula in a half-line, a fitt, a digression, and a story-pattern or folktale, including the Old-Norse Icelandic ?rvar-Odds saga. Fox also explores how J. R. R. Tolkien used the same formula to write Sellic Spell and The Hobbit. This investigation uncovers relationships between oral and literate composition, between mechanistic composition and author, and between listening and reading audiences, arguing for a contemporary relevance for Beowulf in thinking about the creative process.
1. Chapter 1: Beowulf and Formula.- 2. Chapter 2: The Half-Line Formula: weox under wolcnum (8a).- 3.Chapter 3: The Fitt Formula: Genesis and Fitt 1.- 4. Chapter 4: The Digressive Formula: The Sigemund-Heremod Digression.- 5.Chapter 5: The Folktale Formula: Beowulf and ?rvar-Odds saga.- 6.Chapter 6: The Formula Reformulated: Sellic Spell and The Hobbit.- 7. Conclusion.
Michael Fox is Associate Professor in the Department of English and Writing Studies at Western University in London, Ontario, Canada. He has published on modern rhetoric, medieval Latin, and Old English.
Following the Formula in Beowulf, ?rvar-Odds saga, and Tolkien proposes that Beowulf was composl³¼
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