Near the turn of the twentieth century, the territorial government of Alaska put its support behind a project led by Christian missionaries to convert Alaska Native peoples—and, along the way, bring them into “civilized” American citizenship. Establishing missions in a number of areas inhabited by Alaska Natives, the program was an explicit attempt to erase ten thousand years of Native culture and replace it with Christianity and an American frontier ethic.
Anthony Urvina, whose mother was an orphan raised at one of the missions established as part of this program, draws on details from her life in order to present the first full history of this missionary effort. Smoothly combining personal and regional history, he tells the story of his mother’s experience amid a fascinating account of Alaska Native life and of the men and women who came to Alaska to spread the word of Christ, confident in their belief and unable to see the power of the ancient traditions they aimed to supplant.
Anthony Urvinahas lived in Alaska for more than thirty years and worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Acknowledgements
Preface
Introduction
Part I Peculiar Work
Chapter 1 The Bureau of Education in Alaska
Chapter 2 Sectarianism, Human Hierarchy, and the Decades of Change
Part II The White Man’s Window
Chapter 3 A Matter of Perspective
Chapter 4 A Strategy for Change
Part III The Children of Conflict
Chapter 5 Trouble Comes in Threes
Part IV The Reindeer Files
Chapter 6 A Perception of Progress
Chapter 7 The Exodus to Noorvik
Conclusion
Epilogue
Appendix 1 Missionaries and Bureau of Education Teachers in Northwestern and Northern Alaska 1890-1918
Appendix 2 Village Population Data Chart, Winter 1909-1910