Political Descent: Malthus, Mutualism, and the Politics of Evolution in Victorian England [Hardcover]

Historians of science have long noted the influence of the nineteenth-century political economist Thomas Robert Malthus on Charles Darwin. In a bold move, Piers J. Hale contends that this focus on Malthus and his effect on Darwins evolutionary thought neglects a strong anti-Malthusian tradition in English intellectual life, one that not only predated the 1859 publication of theOrigin of Speciesbut also persisted throughout the Victorian period until World War I.Political Descentreveals that two evolutionary and political traditions developed in England in the wake of the 1832 Reform Act: one Malthusian, the other decidedly anti-Malthusian and owing much to the ideas of the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck. ???????????
???????????
These two traditions, Hale shows, developed in a context of mutual hostility, debate, and refutation. Participants disagreed not only about evolutionary processes but also on broader questions regarding the kind of creature our evolution had made us and in what kind of society we ought therefore to live. Significantly, and in spite of Darwins acknowledgement that natural selection was the doctrine of Malthus, applied to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms, both sides of the debate claimed to be the more correctly Darwinian. By exploring the full spectrum of scientific and political issues at stake,Political Descentoffers a novel approach to the relationship between evolution and political thought in the Victorian and Edwardian eras.

Piers J. Haleis assistant professor in the Department of the History of Science at the University of Oklahoma. He lives in Norman, Oklahoma.