This is a sequel to a volume published in 2011 by OUP under the titleThe Ubiquitous Ziva: Somnanda's Zivad[cmi and his Tantric Interlocutors. The present volume presents the fourth chapter of theZivad[cmiandZivad[cmiv[ttiand addresses a fresh set of issues that engage a distinct family of opposing schools and authors of mainstream Indian philosophical traditions. Somnanda challenges his philosophical interlocutors with a single over-arching argument: he suggests that their views cannot coherethey cannot be explained logicallyunless their authors accept the Zaiva non-duality for which he advocates.The Ubiquitous Ziva Volume IIoffers the first English translation, critical edition, and commentary of Chapter Four of theZivad[cmiandZivad[cmiv[tti.This is a sequel to a volume published in 2011 by OUP under the titleThe Ubiquitous Ziva: Somnanda's Zivad[cmi and his Tantric Interlocutors. The first volume offered an introduction, critical edition, and annotated translation of the first three chapters of the Zivad[cmi of Somnanda, along with its principal commentary, theZivad[cmiv[tti, written by Utpaladeva. It dealt primarily with Zaiva theology and the religious views of competing esoteric traditions. The present volume presents the fourth chapter of theZivad[cmiandZivad[cmiv[ttiand addresses a fresh set of issues that engage a distinct family of opposing schools and authors of mainstream Indian philosophical traditions.In this fourth chapter, Somnanda and Utpaladeva engage logical and philosophical works that exerted tremendous influence in the Indian subcontinent in its premodernity. Among the authors and schools addressed by Somnanda in this chapter are the Buddhist Epistemologists, and Dharmak+rti in particular; the Hindu school of hermeneutics, i.e., the M+mCs; the Hindu realist schools of the logic- and debate-oriented Nyya and their ontologically-oriented partners, l£-