Prescribing Hemodialysis: A Guide to Urea Modeling [Paperback]

What regulation shall we have for the operation? Shall a man transfuse he knows not what. to correct he knows not what. God knows how (l)? Dr. Henry Stubbs Royal College of Physicians circa 1670 If dialysis therapy were a new phannaceutical product being evaluated by the FDA now, it might not be approved for marketing. The recommended dose, its potential toxicity, the side effects of under-or over-dialysis as well as its efficacy have been the subject of very few studies. The high mortality rate associated with the treatment may raise a few eyebrows. That it is a life-saving modality of treatment is undoubtedly true for more than 100,000 patients in the United States and for more than a million patients world? wide. Because dialysis has extended the lives of many people by a variable period of time, most nephrologists have rested on their laurels and did not vigorously pursue studies to optimize these treatments. But facts have a way of intruding in all our lives and the facts are that the overall mortality rate of dialysis patients in the United States is rising and stands close to 25% per year and is closer to 33% per year for patients between the ages of 65 and 74 (2). These mortality figures are considerably higher for age-adjusted dialysis populations in Europe and particu? larly in Japan, and certainly for the age-adjusted nonnal population.1. Uremic Toxins & Dialysis.- The uremic syndrome.- Role of protein nitrogen metabolism.- Clinical measurement of uremia.- Effect of dialysis on the uremic syndrome.- Proposed uremic toxins.- Alternatives to the single-toxin theory.- Protein and tissue binding of proposed uremic toxins.- Toxic contributions of dialysis itself.- Where urea fits into the toxin theories.- 2. Urea Metabolism: Clinical Chemistry of Urea.- Excretion of nitrogenous waste products: comparative physiology.- Biochemistry of urea.- Inborn errors of urea metabolism: urea cycle enzymopathies.- Urea transport.- Nitrogen recycling.- Methods of urea l3²