This Element shows, when theologians take science seriously, can a benevolent God still stand?In this Element, atheists cite animal pain as compelling evidence against the existence of the loving God portrayed in the Judeo-Christian Bible. This Element engages the scientific literature in order to evaluate the validity of those claims and offers a theodicy of God's providential care for animals through natural pain mitigating processes.In this Element, atheists cite animal pain as compelling evidence against the existence of the loving God portrayed in the Judeo-Christian Bible. This Element engages the scientific literature in order to evaluate the validity of those claims and offers a theodicy of God's providential care for animals through natural pain mitigating processes.In this Element atheists cite animal pain as compelling evidence against the existence of the loving God portrayed in the Judeo-Christian Bible. William Rowe, Paul Draper, Richard Dawkins and others claim widespread unnecessary suffering exists in nature and challenge theism with the Evidential Problem of Natural Evil. This Element engages the scientific literature in order to evaluate the validity of those claims and offers a theodicy of God's providential care for animals through natural pain mitigating processes.1. Animal pain and the evidential problem of natural evil; 2. Theistic responses to animal suffering; 3. Pain perception across species; 4. Natural processes and animal behavior; 5. Re-evaluating the evidential problem of natural evil; References.This book is a worthwhile contribution to the literature on the problem of animal pain and is particularly useful to scientists who seek to make apologetic arguments based on empirical evidence. It expresses the power, wisdom, and goodness of God through revelations in biological science. Academics and lay readers alike will find the text highly engaging, and its brevity refreshing. The Problem of Animal Pain is highly recommended as an excel3N