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Drawing on an A-list of Middle East experts, this book assesses the relative merits of the thwarted paths to democracy in the Arab Spring states.Since 2013, the Middle East has experienced a double trend of chaos and civil war, on the one hand, and the return of authoritarianism, on the other. That convergence has eclipsed the political transitions that occurred in the countries whose regimes were toppled in 2011, as if they were merely footnotes to a narrative that naturally led from an Arab Spring to an Arab Winter .This volume aims at rehabilitating those transitions, by considering them as expressions of a revolutionary moment whose outcome was never pre-determined, but depended on the choices of a large range of actors. It brings together leading scholars of Arab politics to adopt a comparative approach to a few crucial aspects of those transitions: constitutional debates, the question of transitional justice, the evolution of civil-military relations, and the role of specific actors, both domestic and international.ContentsIntroduction Revisiting the Arab Uprisings: The Politics of a Revolutionary Moment - St?phane Lacroix and Jean-Pierre FiliuPart 1The Dynamics of Inclusion and PolarizationChapter 1 Toward A 'Democracy with Democrats' in Tunisia: Mutual Accommodation Between Islamic and Secular Activists - Alfred StepanChapter 2 Constituting Constitutionalism: Lessons from the Arab World - Nathan BrownPart 2Security Providers or Military Spoilers?Chapter 3 Bullets Beat Ballots: The Arab Uprisings and Civil-Military Relations in Egypt - Omar AshourChapter 4 Militaries and Democracies in the Middle East: Too Much and Too Little - Steven CookChapter 5 Modern Mamlouks and Arab Counter-Revolution - Jean-Pierre FiliuPart 3Civil Society, the Media, International ActorsChapter 6 Trashing Transitions: The Role of Arab Media After the Uprisings - Marc LynchChapter 7 Not Ready for Democracy: Modernization, Pluralism and the Arab Spring - Tarek MasoudChapter 8 IntlS,