Designing for hazardous and abnormal loads has become an important requirement in the design process of most major buildings and civil engineering structures, ranging from tall buildings to bridges, power plants to harbour and coastal installations. This state-of-the-art volume was compiled by the Institution of Structural Engineers' informal study group Model Analysis as a Design Tooland City University's Structures Research Centre. It contains a series of papers on the design and analysis of structures through full scale and numerical modelling including the crucial areas of hazard identification and risk assessment of structures. This book will be essential reading for civil and structural engineers, designers and researchers.Institution of Structural Engineers Informal Study Group. Conference organisation. Preface. Acknowledgements. Avalanche scenarios for alpine highway bridges. Consideration of exceptional snow loads as accidental actions. Evaluation of the peak forces on roof tiles under stormy conditions. Wind loading on pitched roofs with complex geometric shapes. Towards a statistical human body model for determining jump dynamic forces. The development of a seismic test facility for full-scale structures. The behaviour of connections in steel MR-frames under high-intensity earthquake loading. Non-linear analysis of a reinforced concrete structure under seismic loading. Dynamic analysis to determine source of blast damage. Dynamic response of buildings and floor slabs to blast loading. Modelling and progressive collapse of structures as a result of explosion. Tunnel shells and fire protection - tests and analyses. Fire induced progressive collapse analysis of safety critical structures. Substructuring in fire engineering. Developing 'HAZOP' methodologies to refine fire risk assessments. Bayesian assessment of structural risk under fire design situation. Influence of strain gradient on the ductility of a reinforced concrete column. High volumlı