Advances in Bioclimatology_4 [Paperback]

This volume contains reviews on five different aspects of bioclimatology: (1) The establishment, maintenance and use of data from automatic weather station networks for agricultural purposes; (2) Techniques for estimating global and ultraviolet irradiance at the earth's surface, and the net radiation balance from operational satellite observations; (3) Mathematical models of the effects of climate on energy and mass balance in crop production; (4) Paleoecological and experimental studies of the response of stomatal density to changes in the atmospheric CO2 concentrations; and (5) The sensory and behavioral responses of insects and other invertebrates to small CO2 gradients resulting from plant and animal metabolism, considering the global changes in CO2 concentration and air temperature.A Guide to Automated Weather Station Networks in North America.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages.- 1.2 Types of AWS networks.- 1.3 Purpose of This Review.- 2 Planning.- 2.1 Spatial Density.- 2.2 Siting Criteria.- 2.2.1 Underlying Surface.- 2.2.2 Suitable Surroundings.- 2.3 Datalogger Selection.- 2.4 Sensor Selection.- 2.5 Computer Selection for the Data Processing Center (DPC).- 2.6 Data Retrieval Method Selection.- 2.7 Network Management.- 2.8 Cost of Establishment.- 2.9 Operating Costs.- 3 Network Components.- 3.1 Sensors H.- 3.1.1 Placement Height.- 3.1.2 Sensor Fundamentals.- 3.1.2.1 Temperature.- 3.1.2.2 Humidity.- 3.1.2.3 Shields for Temperature and Humidity Sensors.- 3.1.2.4 Radiation.- 3.1.2.5 Soil Heat Flux Density.- 3.1.2.6 Wind Speed.- 3.1.2.7 Wind Direction.- 3.1.2.8 Precipitation.- 3.1.2.9 Evaporation Pans.- 3.2 AWS Dataloggers.- 3.3 Data Processing Center (DPC).- 3.4 Software.- 3.4.1 Database Management.- 3.4.2 Report Generators.- 3.4.3 Data Quality Control.- 3.5 DPC Costs.- 4 Network Operations.- 4.1 Maintenance and Calibration.- 4.2 Data Quality Control, Archival, and Dissemination.- 5 Computations.- 5.1 Evapotranspiration.- 5.2 Humidity.- 5.3 DegreelS[