The Annual Update compiles the most recent developments in experimental and clinical research and practice in one comprehensive reference book. The chapters are written by well recognized experts in the field of intensive care and emergency medicine. It is addressed to everyone involved in internal medicine, anesthesia, surgery, pediatrics, intensive care and emergency medicine.Part I. Infections and antibiotics.- Interpreting Procalcitoninat the Bedside.- Reducing Antibiotic Use in the ICU: A Time-based Approach to RationalAntimicrobial Use.- Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Severe Influenza Infection.-Critically Ill Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection.-Part II. Sepsis.- Immunomodulation: The Future for Sepsis?.- Norepinephrine in SepticShock: Five Reasons to Initiate it Early.- Myths and Facts Regarding Lactate inSepsis.- Part III. Renal issues.- Creatinine-based Definitions: From Baseline Creatinineto Serum Creatinine Correction in Intensive Care.- The Detrimental Cross-talk betweenSepsis and AKI: New Pathogenic Mechanisms, Early Biomarkers and Targeted Therapies.-Timing of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy.- (Multiple) Organ Support Therapy beyondAKI.- Part IV. Fluid therapy.- Crystalloid Fluid Therapy.- Balanced Crystalloidsfor Septic Shock Resuscitation.- Part V. Bleeding.- EmergencyReversal Strategies for Anticoagulants and Anti-platelet Agents.- Part VI. Cardiovascularsystem.- Bedside Myocardial Perfusion Assessment with Echocardiography Contrast.-Pathophysiological Determinants of Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Septic Shock.-Cardiovascular Response to ECMO.- Mechanical Circulatory Support in the New Era:An Overview.- Part VII. Cardiac arrest.- Cardiac arrest in the Elderly:Epidemiology and Outcome.- Regional Systems of Care: The Final Link in the Chainof Survival Concept for Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest.- Cardiac ArrestCenters.- Part VIII. Oxygenation and respiratory failure.- High-flow NasalCannul#: