Antibiotics Containing the Beta-Lactam Structure Part II [Paperback]

12 Bacterial Enzymes Interacting with ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- A. Introduction.- I. Classification of ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- II. Mode of Action of ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- 1. Structure and Synthesis of Peptidoglycan.- 2. The Tipper and Strominger Hypothesis for Penicillin Action.- III. Classification of Enzymes Interacting with ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- 1. Enzymes Acting on Peptidoglycan.- 2. Enzymes Degrading ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- B. Bacterial Proteins Binding ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- I. General.- II. Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Gram-Negative Bacteria.- 1. Escherichia coli.- 2. Other Enterobacteria.- 3. Pseudomonads.- 4. Other Bacteria.- III. Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Gram-Positive Bacteria.- 1. Bacilli.- 2. Micrococci.- 3. Streptococci.- 4. Actinomycetes.- C. Enzymes Inhibited by ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- I. dd-Carboxypeptidases.- 1. dd-Carboxypeptidases in Gram-Negative Bacteria.- 2. dd-Carboxypeptidases in Gram-Positive Bacteria.- II. Peptidoglycan Transpeptidase.- D. ?-Lactamases.- I. General.- II. ?-Lactamases in Gram-Positive Bacteria.- 1. Staphylococci.- 2. Bacilli.- 3. Streptomycetes.- 4. Other Actinomycetes.- III. ?-Lactamases in Gram-Negative Bacteria.- 1. Anaerobic.- 2. Aerobic.- E. Interaction with the ?-Lactam Nucleus.- I. Components of the Interaction.- 1. Kinetic Parameters.- 2. Conformational Changes.- 3. Nature of the Covalent Complex.- 4. Nature of Release Products.- II. Streptomyces R61 dd-Carboxypeptidase.- III. ?-Lactamases and ?-Lactam Inhibitors.- 1. Clavulanic Acid.- 2. Penicillin Sulfones.- 3. Halopenicillanic Acids.- 4. Carbapenems.- F. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 13 In Vitro and In Vivo Laboratory Evaluation of ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- A. Historical.- I. Penicillins.- II. Cephalosporins.- III. Cephamycins (7-?-Methoxy Cephalosporins).- IV. ?-Lactams of Novel Structure.- B. ?-Lactam Laboratory Evaluation Procedures.- I. Introduction.- II. In Vitro Test Procedures.- 1. Spectrum of Activity and Sensitivity Tests.- 2. Speed of Action Test.- lÃ