Calixarenes A Versatile Class of Macrocyclic Compounds [Paperback]

One: History and Synthesis of Calixarenes.- Single Step Synthesis and Properties of Calixarenes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Single Step Synthesis of Calixarenes.- 2.1. Base-Induced Procedures.- 2.2. Acid-Catalyzed Procedures.- 2.3. Thermally Induced Procedures.- 3. Synthesis of Functionalized Calixarenes.- 3.1. Introduction of Substituents on the Lower Rim of Phenol-Derived Calixarenes.- 3.1.1. Ester and Ether Formation with Monofunctionalized Reagents.- 3.1.2. Esterification and Etherification with Polyfunctionalized Reagents.- 3.2. Introduction of Substituents on the Upper Rim of Phenol-Derived Calixarenes.- 3.2.1. Dealkylation of p-Alkylcalixarenes.- 3.2.2. Electrophilic Substitution Route.- 3.2.3. p-Claisen Rearrangement Route.- 3.2.4. p-Quinonemethide Route.- 3.2.5. p-Chloromethylation Route.- 3.3. Introduction of Substituents at the Upper Rim of Resorcinol-Derived Calixarenes.- 3.4. Introduction of Functional Groups at the Methylene Bridges of Calixarenes.- 4. Physical Properties of Calixarenes.- 4.1. Melting Points.- 4.2. Solubilities.- 4.3. Spectral Properties of Calixarenes.- 4.3.1. Infrared Spectra.- 4.3.2. Ultraviolet Spectra.- 4.3.3. NMR Spectra.- 4.3.4. Mass Spectra.- 5. Concluding Comments.- References.- Special Calixarenes, Synthesis and Properties.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stepwise Synthesis of Calixarenes.- 3. Fragment Condensation.- 4. Selective Functionalization.- 5. The First Acidity Constant of Calix[4]arenes.- 6. Chiral Calix[4]arenes.- 7. Bridged Calixarenes.- 8. Double Calixarenes and Future Directions.- References.- Two: X-Ray Structural Data on Calixarene Architectures.- Conformations of Calixarenes in the Crystalline State.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Conformations and Structures of Some Precursors.- 3. Conformations of Calixarenes.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Conformations of Calix[4]arenes.- 3.2.1. Calix[4]arenes with a Fourfold Axis.- 3.2.3. Calix[4]arenes with Symmetry Planes.- 3.2.3. Calix[4]arenes with a Twofold Axis.- 3.2.4. Calix[4]arenes inl“M