The positive reciprocal pairwise comparison matrix (PCM) is one of the key components which is used to quantify the qualitative and/or intangible attributes into measurable quantities. This book examines six understudied issues of PCM, i.e. consistency test, inconsistent data identification and adjustment, data collection, missing or uncertain data estimation, and sensitivity analysis of rank reversal. The maximum eigenvalue threshold method is proposed as the new consistency index for the AHP/ANP. An induced bias matrix model (IBMM) is proposed to identify and adjust the inconsistent data, and estimate the missing or uncertain data. Two applications of IBMM including risk assessment and decision analysis, task scheduling and resource allocation in cloud computing environment, are introduced to illustrate the proposed IBMM.This book examines issues of PCM, including consistency test, inconsistent data identification and adjustment, missing or uncertain data estimation, and sensitivity analysis of rank reversal. Proposes and demonstrates an induced bias matrix model (IBMM).?1: Introduction.- 2: A new consistency test index for the data in the AHP/ANP.-? 2.1 Basics of the AHP/ANP.- 2.1.1 The reciprocal pairwise comparison matrix.- 2.1.2 Basics of the AHP.- 2.1.3 Basics of the ANP.- 2.2 Consistency test issue in the AHP/ANP.-? 2.2.1. Analysis of the consistency ratio (CR) method.- 2.2.2 The issues of consistency test in the AHP/ANP.- 2.3 The new consistency indexMaximum Eigenvalue Threshold for the AHP/ANP.- 2.3.1 The advantages of Maximum Eigenvalue Threshold for the AHP/ANP.- 2.4 The processes of data consistency test in the AHP/ANP.- 2.5. Illustrative example.- 3: IBMM for inconsistent data identification and adjustment in the AHP/ANP.- 3.1 The theorems of induced bias matrix model (IBMM) .- 3.1.1 The theoretical proofs of IBMM.- 3.2 IBMM for inconsistent data identification and adjustment.- 3.2.1 The basics of the inconsistency identification and adjustment metholS2