Following a section on tissue culture, chromosome staining and basic information about karyotyping, this text presents nomenclature and quality standards, as well as protocols of relevance to comprehensive cytogenetic diagnostics.In addition to the traditional cytogenetics still used as the basic methodology for everyday clinical diagnosis, new molecular cytogenetic techniques provide a useful basis for routine diagnosis. Flourescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has become a standard technique, and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), spectral karyotyping (SKY), and multi-color FISH have shown their potential for diagnostic purposes. Following a section on tissue culture, chromosome staining and basic information about karyotyping, nomenclature and quality standards, protocols of relevance for comprehensive cytogenetic diagnostics are presented.Part I Classical Cytogenetics: 01 Tissue Culture, Friedel Wenzel; 02 Chromosome staining, Angelika K?hler; 03 Karyotyping and Data Interpretation, Karsten Held; 04 Documentation, Peter Miny, Rolf-Dieter Wegner; Part II Postnatal Diagnosis: 05 Peripheral Blood, Iris Bartels; 06 Establishment of permanent growing lymphoblastoid cell lines, Heidemarie Neitzel; 07 Solid tissues, Regine Schubert and Gesa Schwanitz; 08 Cells from urine sample, Hannelore K?rner, Henrike Dia, Christiane Bommer; 09 Classical and molecular cytogenetics of tumor cells, Brigitte Schlegelberger, Simone Metzke, Svetlana Harder, Reina Z?hlke-Jenisch,Yanming Zhang, Reiner Siebert; 10 Cytogenetics of Meiotic Cells, R. Johannisson; Part III Prenatal Diagnosis: 11 Prenatal Diagnosis - an introduction, Rolf-Dieter Wegner; 12 Amniotic fluid cell analysis, Ingo Kennerknecht, Mahmoud Djalali, Gotthold Barbi, Walter Just, Walther Vogel; 13 Chorionic villi sampling, Rolf-Dieter Wegner and Holger Toennies; Part IV Special Applications: 14 Diagnosis of chromosomal instability syndromes, Rolf-Dieter Wegner, Markus Stumm; 15 Flow Cytometric Testing for Syndromes witl#