Diagnostic Radiology [Paperback]

Roentgen examination of the kidney and the ureter.- Preface.- A. Introduction.- B. Equipment.- C. Radiation protection.- D. Preparation of the patient for roentgen examination.- E. Examination methods.- I. Plain radiography.- 1. Position of kidneys.- 2. Shape of kidneys.- 3. Size of kidneys.- 4. Calcifications projected onto the urinary tract.- II. Additional methods.- 1. Tomography.- 2. Retroperitoneal pneumography.- 3. Roentgen examination of the surgically exposed kidney.- III. Pyelography and urography.- 1. Pyelography.- a) Contrast media.- b) Method.- c) Roentgen anatomy.- d) Antegrade pyelography.- e) Contraindications.- 2. Urography.- a) Contrast media.- b) Excretion of contrast medium during urography.- c) Injection and dose of contrast medium.- d) Reactions.- e) Examination technique.- IV. Renal angiography.- a) Aortic puncture.- b) Catheterization.- c) Comparison between selective and aortic renal angiography.- d) Angiography of operatively exposed kidney.- e) Injection of contrast medium.- f) Contrast media.- g) Risks.- h) Anatomy and roentgen anatomy.- ?) Arteries.- ?) Nephrographic phase.- ?) Venous phase.- Renal phlebography.- Normal anatomy.- F. Anomalies.- I. Anomalies of the renal pelvis and associated anomalies of the ureter.- 1. Double renal pelvis.- 2. Blind ureter.- 3. Anomalies of the calyces.- 4. Anomalies in the border between calyces and renal parenchyma.- II. Anomalies of the renal parenchyma.- 1. Aplasia and agenesia.- 2. Hypoplasia.- a) General hypoplasia.- b) Local hypoplasia.- Renal angiography.- III. Malrotation.- IV. Ectopia.- V. Fusion.- VI. Vascular changes in renal anomalies.- Multiple renal arteries.- a) Anatomic investigations.- b) Angiographic studies.- c) Level of origin.- VII. Renal angiography in anomalies.- VIII. Ureteric anomalies.- 1. Retro-caval ureter.- 2. Ureters with ectopic orifice.- 3. Ureteric valve.- G. Nephro- and ureterolithiasis.- I. Chemical composition of stones.- II. Age, sex, and side involved.- III. Size anl3: