Research funded by the Centre for Resource Studies,Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CanadaMineral Extraction Exploration Geophysical Other Forms of Exploration ransportation and Services Environmental Effects of Exploration Site Development Extraction Underground Mining Surface Mining Non-Entry Mining Environmental Effects of Extraction Beneficiation Crushing and Grinding Gravity Separation Magnetic and Electrostatic Separation Flotation Environmental Effects of Beneficiation Metallurgical Processing and Refining Pyrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy Electrometallurgy Environmental Effects of Further Processing Decommissioning Ecosystems Measurement of Energy Flow Food Webs Structure and Niches Communities and Diversity Populations Biogeochemical Cycling Succession Stability and Resilience Regions in Which Mining Occurs Dispersion of Residuals Deposition Processes Summary Environmental Impact Measurement of Energy Flow Food Webs Structure and Niches Communities and Diversity Populations Biogeochemical Cycling Succession Stability and Resilience Conclusions Prevention, Reclamation, and Rehabilitation Reclamation of Terrestrial Ecosystems Rehabilitating Spoils and Tailings Physical Stabilization of Acid-Generating Wastes Revegetation Physical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics Soil Fertility Species Selection and Planting Techniques Rehabilitation of Abandoned Sites Aquatic Ecosystems Wetlands Lakes Marine Sites and Meromictic Lakes Regulation and Monitoring Emission Standards Air, Water, and Land Quality Standards Monitoring Compliance Trends Summary Case Study lCİ
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