Evolution and Adaptation of Terrestrial Arthropods [Paperback]

1 Palaeontology and Phytogeny.- 1.1 The Earliest Arthropodan Fossils.- 1.2 The First Terrestrial Arthropods.- 1.3 Evolution in the Arthropods.- 1.3.1 Embryological Considerations.- 1.3.2 Comparative Morphology.- 1.3.3 Monophyletic or Polyphyletic Origins.- Further Reading.- 2 Implications of Live on Land.- 2.1 The Significance of Size.- 2.1.1 Size, Skeletons and Allometry.- 2.1.2 Allometric Growth.- 2.2 Water Relations.- 2.3 The Conquest of the Land.- 2.4 The Integument.- 2.4.1 The Endocuticle.- 2.4.2 The Exocuticle.- 2.4.3 The Epicuticle.- 2.5 Growth and Ecdysis.- 2.6 Respiration: Lung-Books and Tracheae.- 2.7 Nutrition and Excretion.- 2.7.1 Nutrition.- 2.7.2 Excretion.- 2.8 Ecological Considerations of Size.- Further Reading.- 3 The Conquest of the Land by Crustacea.- 3.1 Types of Adaptation.- 3.2 Transition from Water to Land in Amphipoda.- 3.3 Transition from Water to Land in Decapoda.- 3.4 Transition from Water to Land in Isopoda.- 3.4.1 Morphology.- 3.4.2 Physiology.- 3.4.3 Behaviour.- 3.5 Conclusion.- Further Reading.- 4 Insect Phytogeny and the Origin of Flight.- 4.1 Ancestry of Insects.- 4.2 The Origin of Wings.- 4.2.1 Aptelota and the Ancestry of Spiders.- 4.3 Paranoial Theory.- 4.4 Tracheal Gill Theory.- 4.5 Selection for Flight.- 4.6 Phytogeny of the Lower Insect Orders.- 4.6.1 Fossil Evidence.- 4.6.2 Palaeoptera and Neoptera.- 4.7 Wing Venation.- 4.8 The Panorpoid Complex.- 4.9 Insect Flight.- Further Reading.- 5 Evolutionary Trends in Reproduction.- 5.1 Spermatophores and Their Phylogenetic Significance.- 5.2 Functions of Aggregation and Courtship.- 5.2.1 Aggregation and Swarming in Insects.- 5.2.2 Courtship.- 5.3 Indirect Spermatophore Transfer via the Substrate.- 5.3.1 Arachnida.- 5.3.2 Uniramia.- 5.4 Indirect Sperm Transfer.- 5.4.1 Arachnida.- 5.4.2 Insecta.- 5.5 Direct Copulation with Free Sperm.- 5.6 Haemocoelic Insemination.- 5.7 Conclusion.- Further Reading.- 6 Adaptations to Extreme Environments.- 6.1 Desert Adaptations.- 6.1.1 Morphological ls·