The annual Evolutionary Biology Meetings in Marseille aim to bring together leading scientists, promoting an exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge and the formation of inter-group collaborations. This book presents the most representative contributions to the 13th meeting, which was held in September 2009. It comprises 21 chapters, which are organized into the following three categories: Evolutionary Biology Concepts Genome/Molecular Evolution Morphological Evolution/SpeciationThis book offers an up-to-date overview of evolutionary biology concepts and their use in the biology of the 21st century.The annual Evolutionary Biology Meetings in Marseille aim to bring together leading scientists, promoting an exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge and the formation of inter-group collaborations. This book presents the most representative contributions to the 13th meeting, which was held in September 2009. It comprises 21 chapters, which are organized into the following three categories: Evolutionary Biology Concepts Genome/Molecular Evolution Morphological Evolution/SpeciationThis book offers an up-to-date overview of evolutionary biology concepts and their use in the biology of the 21st century.Part I Evolutionary biology concepts1 Extinct and extant reptiles: a model system for the study of sex chromosome evolutionDaniel Janes2 Universals of genome evolutionEugene Koonin and Yuri I Wolf3 Starvation-induced reproductive isolation in yeastEugene Kroll, R. Frank Rosenzweig and Barbara Dunn4 Populations of RNA molecules as computational model for evolutionMichael Stich, Carlos Briones, Ester L?azaro, Susanna C. Manrubia5 Pseudaptations and the emergence of beneficial traitsSteven MasseyPart II Genome/Molecular evolution6 Transferomics: understanding the evolutionary forest from phylogenetic treesJohn W. Whitaker and David R. Westhead7 Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of lactationChristophe M. Lef?vre, Karensa Menzies, Julie A. Sharp and Kevin R. Nicholas8 Study of lc8