The present volume gathers together the talks presented at the second colloquim on the Future Professional Communication in Astronomy (FPCA II), held at Harvard University (Cambridge, MA) on 13-14 April 2010. This meeting provided a forum for editors, publishers, scientists, librarians and officers of learned societies to discuss the future of the field. The program included talks from leading researchers and practitioners and drew a crowd of approximately 50 attendees from 10 countries. These proceedings contain contributions from invited and contributed talks from leaders in the field, touching on a number of topics. Among them: - The role of disciplinary repositories such as ADS and arXiv in astronomy and the physical sciences; - Current status and future of Open Access Publishing models and their impact on astronomy and astrophysics publishing; - Emerging trends in scientific article publishing: semantic annotations, multimedia content, links to data products hosted by astrophysics archives; - Novel approaches to the evaluation of facilities and projects based on bibliometric indicators; - Impact of Government mandates, Privacy laws, and Intellectual Property Rights on the evolving digital publishing environment in astronomy; - Communicating astronomy to the public: the experience of the International Year of Astronomy 2009.FPCA-II Opening Comments.- Astronomical Publishing: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (A. Heck/Strasbourg Obs.).- The Emergin Scholarly Brain (M.J. Kurtz/CfA).- Communicating Astronomy Beyond IYA2009 (R.T. Fienberg/AAS).- Trends in Scientific Publishing at Springer (G. Eichhorn/Springer).- Astronomy Journal Publishing: Serving the Community (R. Boucher/Wiley-Blackwell).- Publishing in Greater Depth: Article of the Future and Beyond (D. Clark/Elsevier).- Publishing Astronomy and Astrophysics: Article Numbering, Electronic First (M.L. Chaix/EDP Sciences).- The Future of the ASP Conference Series (J. Jensen et al./ASP).- Astronomical Publication Ral“M