Glucagon II [Paperback]

Control of Glucagon Secretion.- 23 Glucose in the Control of Glucagon Secretion.- A. Introduction.- B. Effect of Changes in Extracellular Glucose Concentration on Glucagon Secretion.- I. Increases in Extracellular Glucose Concentration.- 1. In Vivo Studies.- 2. In Vitro Studies.- II. Decreases in Extracellular Glucose Concentration.- 1. In Vivo Studies.- 2. In Vitro Studies.- C. Mechanism of Glucose Action on A-cell Function.- I. A-cell Glucose Metabolism.- II. Effects of Glucose Metabolites and Inhibitors of Glucose Metabolism.- III. Evidence for a Glucoreceptor Mechanism not Involving Metabolism.- IV. CalciumPotassium and Glucose Action.- V. Mechanism for A-cell Response to Hypoglycemia.- 1. General Considerations.- 2. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Modulation.- D. Modulatory Effects of Glucose on A-cell Function.- I. Acute Effects.- II. Prolonged and Chronic Effects.- References.- 24 The Amino Acid-Induced Secretion of Glucagon.- A. Introduction.- B. Phenomenology.- I. In Vitro.- 1. Isolated Perfused Pancreas.- 2. Pancreatic Fragments, Islets and Islet Cells.- 3. Gastric A-cells In Vitro.- 4. Other Tissues.- II. In Vivo.- 1. Human Studies.- 2. Studies in Normal Dogs.- 3. Other Studies.- C. Mechanism of Amino Acid-Induced Glucagon Release.- I. Contribution of the MicrotubularMicrofilamentous System.- II. How Do Amino Acids Trigger Glucagon Release?.- III. Contribution of the Adenylate Cyclase System and of Ca2+ and Other Ion Fluxes.- IV. Relative Resistance of A-cell Function to Hypothermia.- D. Modulation of Amino Acid-Induced Glucagon Release.- I. Major Role of Glucose and Insulin Concentrations.- 1. Role of Glucose in Nondiabetic Subjects.- 2. Role of Insulin.- 3. Studies in Diabetic Subjects.- II. Other Physiologic Modulations.- 1. Short-Term Modulations.- 2. Long-Term Modulations.- III. Other Pathophysiologic Modulations.- 1. Liver Cirrhosis.- 2. Kidney Failure.- 3. Thyroid Conditions.- 4. The Somatostatinoma Syndrome.- 5. The Glucagonoma Syndrome.- 6. Obel³’