Hazards to Drinking Water Supplies [Paperback]

1 History of Water Supply Systems.- History of Water Quality.- Composition of Raw Water.- History of the Water Supply Companies.- Pre 1900.- 1900 to 1948.- 1950s to 1990.- Post Privatisation.- The Scottish Situation.- 2 Types of Pollution.- Water Found Naturally is Never Pure.- Definitions of Pollution.- Pollution Philosophy.- General Industrial Activities.- Agriculture.- Forestry.- Local Authorities.- Water Treatment Facilities.- Transportation.- Recreation.- Natural Pollution.- Diffuse Sources.- Point Sources.- 3 Causes and Consequences of Toxic Incidents.- Causes.- Industrial Releases.- Agricultural Releases.- Sewage and Sewerage Operations.- Other Sources of Pollution.- Consequences.- Heavy Metals.- Organic Solvents.- Organic Toxins.- Infective Agents.- Other Diseases.- 4 Perception and Acceptance of Risk.- Hazard Identification.- Research.- Review.- Monitoring.- Assessment.- Risk Estimation.- Voluntary Risks.- Involuntary Risks.- Societal Risk Assessment.- Acceptable Risks.- Dimensions of Risk and Benefits.- Risk Avoidance and Reduction.- Avoidance of Risks.- The Role of the Media.- Acceptance of Risks.- Financial Cost of Risks.- Benefit versus Risk.- Destruction of the Rain Forests.- Chlorinated Fluorocarbons.- Fertilisers and Pesticides.- New Chemical Substances.- Fossil Fuel Burning.- Recycling of Waste Products.- Food Additives.- The Final Arbiter.- 5 Hazard Identification and Risk Quantification of Drinking Water.- Potential Abstraction Risk Index.- Basis of the Method.- Calculation of the PARI Rating.- Organoleptic Considerations using PARI(H) and PARI(A).- OECD Recommendations.- Risk Quantification.- Risk Quantification Procedure.- 6 Case Studies.- LD 50 (mammalian) Values.- Acceptable Concentration.- Case Study 1: Minimata.- Description of Incident.- Analysis of Incident.- Case Study 2: Showa.- Description of Incident.- Analysis of Incident.- Case Study 3: Goshonoura.- Description of Incident.- Analysis of Incident.- Case Study 4: Iraq.- Description of lƒ.