This volume is the result of the 2012 International Economic Association's series of roundtables on the theme of Industrial Policy. The first, 'New Thinking on Industrial Policy,' was hosted by the World Bank in Washington, D.C, and the second, 'New Thinking on Industrial Policy: Implications for Africa,' was held in Pretoria, South Africa.PART I: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES AND PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1. Comparative Advantage: The Silver Bullet of Industrial Policy; Justin Yifu Lin and C?lestin Monga 2. Comments on 'Comparative Advantage: The Silver Bullet of Industrial Policy; Ha-Joon Chang 3. Industrial Policies, the Creation of a Learning Society, and Economic Development; Bruce Greenwald and Joseph Stiglitz 4. Discussion of 'Industrial Policies, the Creation of a Learning Society, and Economic Development; Josh Lerner PART II: SPECIAL ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 5. Technology Policies and Learning with Imperfect Governance; Mushtaq H. Khan 6. Comments on 'Technology Policies and Learning with Imperfect Governance'; Pranab Bardham 7. The Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship; Josh Lerner 8. Comments on 'The Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship'; Indermit Gill PART III: INSTRUMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY 9. Financing Development: The Case of BNDES; Jo?o Carlos Ferraz, Claudio Figueiredo Coelho Leal, Felipe Silveira Marques and Marcelo Trindade Miterhof 10. Comments on 'Financing Development: The Case of BNDES'; Robert Cull 11. Growth and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment; Laura Alfaro and Andrew Charlton 12. Comments on 'Growth and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment; Ann Harrison 13. Clusters as an Instrument for Industrial Policy: The Case of China; Xiaobo Zhang 14. Theories of Agglomeration: Critical Analysis from a Policy Perspective; C?lestin Monga PART IV: REGIONAL CASE STUDIES OF SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL INDUSTRIAL POLICIES 15. Capability Failure and Industrial Policy to Move beyond lÓ/