At the close of the Civil War, Congress established the Freedmen's Bureauformally, the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Landsto deal with the question of the place in society of its new black citizens. General Oliver Otis Howard, known both admiringly and derisively as the Christian General, was given the responsibility of defining the nation's commitment to four million former slaves.The story of a Civil War promise made to slavesand broken.