There are a range of possible roles that can be played by ethnographers in field research, from the detached observer to the the fully-fledged participant. The choice of role will affect the type of information available to the researcher and the kind of ethnography written. The authors discuss the problems and advantages at each level of involvement and give examples of modern ethnographic studies.There are a range of possible roles that can be played by ethnographers in field research, from the detached observer to the the fully-fledged participant. The choice of role will affect the type of information available to the researcher and the kind of ethnography written. The authors discuss the problems and advantages at each level of involvement and give examples of modern ethnographic studies.PART ONE: THE HISTORY AND EPISTEMOLOGY OF FIELDWORK ROLES The Chicago School More Radical Views on Membership The California Sociologies of Everyday Life Existential Sociology The Investigative Paradigm Ethnomethodology Becoming the Phenomenon Synthesis The Critique of Traditional Field Research Membership Roles in Field Research PART TWO: PERIPHERAL MEMBERSHIP The Process of Membership Becoming a Peripheral-Member-Researcher The Membership Experience Disengagement Reflections PART THREE: ACTIVE MEMBERSHIP The Process of Membership Becoming an Active-Member-Researcher The Membership Experience Disengagement Reflections PART FOUR: COMPLETE MEMBERSHIP The Process of Membership Becoming a Complete-Member-Researcher The Membership Experience Disengagement Reflections