70 years after the discovery of secretory neurons, internationally leading experts gathered to discuss the latest developments in neuropeptide research and endocrinology, concentrating on the molecular, cellular, supracellular and systemic aspects. A variety of neuropeptidergic systems are considered under comparative and evolutionary aspects.70 years after the discovery of secretory neurons, internationally leading experts gathered to discuss the latest developments in neuropeptide research and endocrinology, concentrating on the molecular, cellular, supracellular and systemic aspects. A variety of neuropeptidergic systems are considered under comparative and evolutionary aspects.1. Ernst and Berta Scharrer Pioneers in Neuroendocrinology.- 2. The Ups and Downs of Neuropeptides.- 3. Neurohormones and Neurohormone Receptors in Invertebrates.- 4. Components of the Neuroendocrine Exocytosis Apparatus.- 5. Neuroendocrine Cells Revisited: A System for Studying Subcellular mRNA Compartmentalization.- 6. Peptide-Secreting Dendrites: New Controls for Neuroendocrine Neurons.- 7. Intracerebral Release of Vasopressin and Oxytocin: New Aspects of the Old Concept of Neurosecretion.- 8. Effects of Neuropeptides on Brain Function in Humans.- 9. Reduced Number of Nitric Oxide Synthase Immunoreactive Neurons in the Nucleus Paraventricularis Hypothalami of Depressed Patients and Schizophrenics.- 10. Neurofibrillary Degeneration in Hypophysiotrophic Nuclei of the Aging Human Hypothalamus.- 11. Sexual Dimorphism, Steroid-Induced Plasticity, and Behavioral Significance of the Vasotocinergic Innervation of the Avian Brain.- 12. The Stimulatory Action of the Glutamate Agonist, N-Methyl-Aspartate, on Luteinizing Hormone Release in the Cockerel with Immunocytochemical Observations on Its Mode of Action.- 13. Neuroendocrine Role of Receptors for Insulin and IGF-1 in the Pituitary Gland: Morphological Considerations.- 14. Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Bony Fish.- 15. Corticosterone Upregulã¶