The second 'political' part of the fourth volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History.The fourth volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers the eleventh and twelfth centuries, which comprised perhaps the most dynamic period in the European middle ages. The volume is divided into two parts of which this, the second, deals with the course of events--ecclesiastical and secular--with regard to the papacy, the western empire (mainly Germany), Italy, France, Spain, the British Isles, Scandinavia, Hungary, Poland, the Byzantine empire, the settlements in Palestine and Syria established by the crusades and their Muslim neighbours.The fourth volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers the eleventh and twelfth centuries, which comprised perhaps the most dynamic period in the European middle ages. The volume is divided into two parts of which this, the second, deals with the course of events--ecclesiastical and secular--with regard to the papacy, the western empire (mainly Germany), Italy, France, Spain, the British Isles, Scandinavia, Hungary, Poland, the Byzantine empire, the settlements in Palestine and Syria established by the crusades and their Muslim neighbours.The second part of the volume is about the course of events--ecclesiastical and secular--with regard to the papacy, the western empire (mainly Germany), Italy, France, Spain, the British Isles, Scandinavia, Hungary, Poland, the Byzantine empire and the settlements in Palestine and Syria established by the crusades and their Muslim neighbors.Preface; Introduction Jonathan Riley-Smith and David Luscombe; 2. The papacy, 10241122 Uta-Renate Blumenthal; 3. The western empire (including the French speaking imperial lands) under the Salians Hanna Vollrath; 4. Italy in the eleventh century (a) Northern and central Italy Giovanni Tabacco (b) Southern Italy Graham Loud; 5. The kingdom of the Franks to 1108 Constance Bouchard; 6. Spain in the eleventh century Simon Barton; 7. England and Normandy, 1042113lc,