This book explores ramifications of sex and gender on ancient and modern human diseases.A growing body of literature indicates that diseases can affect women and men differently. This book synthesizes modern medical research with paleopathology, the study of disease in human skeletal remains excavated from archeological sites. This volume is the first to consider the ramifications of sex and gender on ancient and modern human diseases such as osteoporosis, iron deficiency anemia and infection. It will provide provocative ideas for researchers in the fields of physical anthropology, evolutionary biology and women's studies.A growing body of literature indicates that diseases can affect women and men differently. This book synthesizes modern medical research with paleopathology, the study of disease in human skeletal remains excavated from archeological sites. This volume is the first to consider the ramifications of sex and gender on ancient and modern human diseases such as osteoporosis, iron deficiency anemia and infection. It will provide provocative ideas for researchers in the fields of physical anthropology, evolutionary biology and women's studies.A growing body of literature indicates that diseases can affect women and men differently. Because sex differences extend far beyond biology, it is crucial to adopt a biocultural approach toward understanding human disease patterns and processes. This book synthesizes modern medical research with paleopathological investigations. Contributors explore conditions such as osteoporosis and osteopenia, iron deficiency anemia, infection, and immune reactivity and trauma. Recognizing the relationship between these conditions and aspects of sex and gender in past populations assist in the formulation of models from which modern disease processes can be better understood.Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction: sex, gender and health status in prehistoric and contemporary populations George J. Armelagos; 2. Sex-related patterns of lă$