Statistics [Paperback]

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Drawing upon over 40 years of experience, the authors of Statistics, 11th Edition provide students with a clear and methodical approach to essential statistical procedures. The text clearly explains the basic concepts and procedures of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. It features an emphasis on expressions involving sums of squares and degrees of freedom as well as a strong stress on the importance of variability. This accessible approach will help students tackle such perennially mystifying topics as the standard deviation, variance interpretation of the correlation coefficient, hypothesis tests, degrees of freedom, p-values, and estimates of effect size.

Preface iv

Acknowledgments vi

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Why Study Statistics? 4

1.2 What Is Statistics? 4

1.3 More about Inferential Statistics 6

1.4 Three Types of Data 9

1.5 Levels of Measurement 10

1.6 Types of Variables 14

1.7 How to Use This Book 19

Summary 20

Important Terms 21

Review Questions 21

PART 1 Descriptive Statistics: Organizing and Summarizing Data 25

2 Describing Data with Tables and Graphs 27

Tables (Frequency Distributions) 28

2.1 Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data 28

2.2 Guidelines 29

2.3 Outliers 34

2.4 Relative Frequency Distributions 35

2.5 Cumulative Frequency Distributions 36&l3*