The first gene responsible for Crohn's disease has now been identified and the pathophysiological understanding of inflammatory bowel disease as well as its practical treatment have made much progress in recent years. Thus it is obviously important to consider the targets and the aims of treatment in context. The Falk Symposium No. 131 (Part II of the Gastroenterology Week Freiburg 2002), held in October 2002 in Freiburg, Germany, in its first part was dedicated to newly defined and partly alternative therapeutic targets. In addition, an attempt was made to learn from experts from other fields such as pneumology or dermatology. The second part was dedicated to the aims of treatment in daily practice. Aside from general treatment, aims such as amelioration of symptoms, pre-conditions of treatment, the view of the patients, and aspects of life quality were dealt with. This volume is the proceedings of the symposium and is important reading for both clinicians and basic scientists.List of principle authors. Preface. Defining Targets of Treatment byAnalysis of Gut Inflammation. 1. State of the Art Lecture: Theories of IBD aetiology from the 1930s to the 1960s; D.B. Sachar.I: DefiningTargets by Understanding Aetiopathogenesis of Gut Inflammation. 2. Development of novel drugs for IBD based on molecular targets; S.Schreiber.3. On the role of innate immunity during mucosal defence and intestinal infections: Are there new therapeutic targets for intervention? S. Bauer.4. Enteric bacteria: Innocent bystanders, therapeutic targets or vehicles for mucosal delivery of therapeutic molecules? R.B. Sartor.II: Tools for Therapeutic Development. 5. Do anl$