A comprehensive survey of recent advances is given in this Update. The wide spectrum of experimental and clinical investigations include the pathophysiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.A comprehensive survey of recent advances is given in this Update. The wide spectrum of experimental and clinical investigations include the pathophysiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.- Abdominal Interposed Between Thoracic Compressions During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.- The Resuscitation of Submersion Victims: WET-CPR?.- Vasopressor Therapy in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.- Myocardial Infarction.- Bolus Administration of Thrombolytic Agents.- Cardioversion and Defibrillation: The Esophageal Approach.- Origins, Evolution, and Prognosis of Acute Myocardial Ischemic Syndromes: Focus on Non-Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction.- Cardiovascular Support.- Effects of Therapy on Regional Blood Flow in Heart Failure.- Effects of Dopamine Receptor Agonists on Cardiovascular and Renal Function.- Inappropriateness of Inotropic Support with Epinephrine.- Dobutamine Withdrawal.- Oxygen Derived Parameters in Acute Heart Failure.- Should Lactic Acidosis Be Corrected?.- Circulatory Shock.- Oxygen Transport Pattern in Hemorrhagic and Septic Patients.- Classification of Shock in the Intensive Care Unit Using Transesophageal Two-Dimensional Echocardiography.- Cardiac Alterations in Septic Shock: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Implications.- Improvement of Tissue Oxygenation with Enoximone in Septic Shock.- Blood Flow and Adrenergic Drugs in Septic Shock.- Gastro-intestinal Mucosal Injury in Shock.- Optical Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Tissue Hypoxia.- Sepsis and ARDS.- Oxygen Delivery and Consumption in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Sepsis.- The Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Adults with Gram-negative Sepsis.- Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndromlól